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What are the rules of war? And how do they apply to Israel's actions in Gaza?_我的网站

一 |     Six days after a brutal attack by armed Hamas militants on Israeli civilians, Israel ordered an evacuation of more than 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza ahead of what could be an unprecedented ground offensive there against Hamas."We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructures, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military," vowed Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant as airstrikes were underway.The U.S. and other nations have repeatedly warned Israel to follow the "rules of war."But what are they? And will they prevent civilians from being hurt?Here's what to know about international humanitarian laws and how they might apply in the Israeli-Hamas conflict in Gaza.

Is Israel bound by the rules of war?

Yes.Israel has promised to abide by international humanitarian law including those under the Geneva Convention that seeks to minimize the impact on civilians, provide aid to the wounded on the battlefield, and not to mistreat prisoners of war.In general, the U.S. military and Israeli Defense Force also rely on similar rules of engagement in military operations.Israel insists it follows the rules of war and always has.But there is disagreement by international groups about exactly what qualifies as a violation in a country's quest to defend itself against terror attacks, as well as whether Israel could be prosecuted through the International Criminal Court -- an entity Israel doesn't recognize.Officials at the United Nations and European Union have accused Israel of already violating its promise not to harm civilians by cutting water and electricity to all of Gaza residents, including to hospitals. They also say it's impossible to ensure the safety of so many civilians by giving only 24 hours to evacuate to avoid the fighting.Palestinian health authorities estimate 1,799 civilians have been killed in Israeli airstrikes, including 583 children, following Hamas' attacks that have killed at least 1,300 Israelis.Ravina Shamdasani, spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human rights, said Hamas' brutality doesn't "liberate" Israel from adhering to international humanitarian laws."It is absolutely crucial that Israeli leaders and global leaders make it unambiguously clear that international humanitarian law is an obligation. It is not optional, and that military operations must be conducted in full compliance with international law," she said.President Joe Biden said he delivered that message directly to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu this week, later telling reporters "that it is really important that Israel, with all the anger and frustration … they operate by the rules of war.""And there are rules of war," Biden added.

How would the rules apply in this conflict? Would civilians be spared?

Avoiding harm to civilians though can fall into a gray area, particularly when it comes to a massive ground operation unfolding on a remarkably narrow strip of land. Gaza is among the most populated areas on Earth, roughly 7.5 miles at its widest and 25 miles long with some 2 million inhabitants.Eric Oehlerich, a retired Navy SEAL and ABC News contributor, said that even with sophisticated weaponry, such an operation would be extraordinarily difficult to carry out with no civilians harmed."There isn't a force in the world that can deal with 40,000 (enemy) soldiers interspersed with civilians in that densely populated area" and have "zero" civilian deaths, said Oehlerich."It's impossible," he added.One question will be what constitutes a valid military target, said Mick Mulroy, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for the Middle East and retired CIA paramilitary operations officer.Israel says that Hamas -- which doesn't abide by humanitarian laws in its deliberate attack on civilians last week -- uses Palestinian civilians and hospitals as shields."If Hamas holds up in a building -- whether it's a hospital or mosque -- it becomes a valid military target," said Mulroy, also an ABC contributor. "That said, every reasonable step should be taken to eliminate or reduce civilian casualties (and) has to be done."

What does all this mean for hostages held by Hamas and US citizens inside Gaza?

Oehlerich, who has participated in military operations to free hostages, said getting those hostages out using military force will also be extraordinarily tough. That's because Hamas will likely have gone to great lengths to hide the hostages, including possibly rigging secret tunnels or even the hostages themselves with explosives.Oehlerich said success is more likely to come through backchannel negotiations with countries like Egypt and Qatar.Israeli officials say its special operations forces have been operating inside Gaza in past days trying to locate hostages. The US is also working the Red Cross and the UN to establish "safe zones" for foreign nationals to leave, including Americans located within Palestine, according to a senior State Department official.Beyond that, questions remain on how many innocent people will be hurt or killed inside Gaza. When asked by a reporter Friday what worries him most about the Israeli ground invasion, Biden had a one-word answer."Death," he said.ABC News' Shannon Crawford, William Gretsky and Mary Bruce contributed to this report.。    新加坡国立大学National University of Singapore新加坡国立大学（NUS）是新加坡的第一所高等学府，也是世界级顶尖学府；是亚洲大学联盟、全球大学校长论坛、Universitas21等组织的成员学校。2025年QS世界大学排名：第8位；2024年QS亚洲大学排名：第3位。2025年USNEWS世界大学排名：第22位。2024年泰晤士世界大学排名：第19位；2024年泰晤士亚洲大学排名：第3位。新加坡国立大学人文社科学院的艺术与文化创业文学硕士和传播学硕士即将在9月1日开放申请，11月30日截止，想申请的同学们不要错过了！01艺术与文化创业文学硕士MA Arts and Cultural Entrepreneurship官网：https://fass.nus.edu.sg/cnm/ace-master/学制：全日制1年学费：44,908新币，折合人民币约24.6万元申请时间：2024年9月1日~11月30日项目简介：该课程旨在满足创意专业人士的需求，满足新加坡和亚洲不断变化的文化创意产业部门的强烈要求。学生将向业界从业人员和专业教育工作者学习创业创意，了解创意如何塑造新企业并引领创业增长，还将学习文化艺术组织、资源和基础设施的行政、管理和领导方面的核心战略技能，从管理节日、活动和博物馆，到社区发展、遗产旅游、教育和政府工作。

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三 | 02传播学硕士Master of Communication官网：https://masters.nus.edu.sg/programmes/master-of-communication学制：全日制1年学费：39,295新币，折合人民币约21.5万元申请时间：2024年9月1日~11月30日项目简介：在技术进步和内容激增所塑造的动荡的媒体环境中，媒体专业人士必须敏捷地跟上不断变化的步伐。如今，内容为王，在数字平台上占据着主导地位，每天都有数百万人接触到内容。在这个时代，组织面临的挑战是如何利用内容的力量，有策略地与利益相关者进行有效沟通。传播学硕士意识到了市场上存在的能力缺口，并很荣幸地成为第一个填补这一空白的研究生课程。

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六 | 共需修读40学分的课程，包括核心/必修课程（12学分）+3门专业选修课程（12学分）+非专业选修课+实习（8学分，适合工作经验不足两年的学生）或导师指导（8学分，适合工作经验至少两年的学生）或最后一年的项目（4学分）。

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